Symptoms & diagnosis
Most possible cancer symptoms have other causes. Persistent, unusual or worsening changes deserve medical attention.
Changes worth checking
- A new lump, swelling or thickening
- Unexplained bleeding or bruising
- Persistent cough, hoarseness or trouble swallowing
- Changes in bowel or bladder habits
- A changing mole or sore that does not heal
- Unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue or pain
Seek urgent help
Call emergency services for severe trouble breathing, chest pain, heavy bleeding, sudden confusion, loss of consciousness or other life-threatening symptoms.
Before an appointment
Write down when the change began, what makes it better or worse, medicines, past conditions and family history. Bring questions and, if helpful, a trusted person.
How diagnosis happens
History and exam
A clinician reviews symptoms, risk factors and performs an examination.
Tests and imaging
Blood tests, ultrasound, X-ray, CT, MRI, PET or endoscopy may help locate abnormalities.
Biopsy
For most cancers, tissue examined by a pathologist confirms the diagnosis.
Staging
Staging describes the extent of cancer and helps guide treatment and prognosis.
Biomarker testing
Some tumors are tested for genes, proteins or other features that may guide therapy.
Second opinion
Another specialist may confirm the pathology and help compare options.